In this lesson, the instructor discusses the characteristics of porous, permeable, and impermeable rocks and their role in forming freshwater reserves, specifically the perched aquifer and the mean sea level aquifer. The focus shifts to the extraction methods of water from these reserves, highlighting boreholes as a primary method while addressing the issue of illegal boreholes and the declining availability of freshwater due to increased impermeable surfaces. The lesson concludes with concerns about sustainable water use in agriculture, emphasizing the importance of regulation to protect Malta’s precious freshwater resources.