In today’s year 8 grammar lesson, students learned about Arabic noun declensions, specifically focusing on how the final vowel of a noun changes based on its role in a sentence. The instructor reviewed that definite nouns with the article (al-) end with a single “dhamma” vowel, while indefinite nouns end with two “dhammas.” The lesson further explained that nouns acting as the subject of a sentence, known as “marfoub” in Arabic, must end with a “dhamma,” using examples such as “al-fustanu” (the dress) and “al-hadikatu” (the garden) to demonstrate.