In this chemistry lesson, the focus is on covalent bonding and the properties of covalent compounds. The instructor explains that covalent compounds form when two non-metal atoms, such as hydrogen and oxygen, share electrons to achieve stability, as seen in water (H₂O). Additionally, the lesson differentiates between intramolecular and intermolecular forces, noting that covalent compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds, exemplified by water boiling at 100°C.