In the lesson, the instructor discusses various business structures like sole trader, partnership, and companies, highlighting the different funding sources accessible to each, such as personal capital, past profits, bank loans, and public investments. The session also explains the roles and rights of ordinary and preference shareholders within a company, emphasizing that ordinary shareholders have voting rights at the annual general meeting, unlike preference shareholders who receive priority in dividends and payments if the company is wound up. It concludes with clarifying that ordinary shareholders carry the highest risk since they are paid last, and preference shareholders are prioritized in dividend distribution and upon company dissolution.