me get the pointer. Over here we are seeing a number of rivers, all right, so we have the riverand the tributary, small tributaries leading to another river, okay. So how do I knowin which direction the river is flowing? That’s the first thing that we can ask ourselves.And if we have a look at the contour lines and it is shown with a thin blue line.The contour lines are close together,so if you have a look here at these contour lines,they are very close together,which means that the land is very steep,and that’s what we said.Then, the river valley crosses a lot of contour linesin a short distance,so here we are seeing the rivers crossing Flat area, which we know as flat plane. So this flat area here without contour linesThat is the flat plane. Okay, which we said is flat area or flat groundExactly near the river. All right, that over which water flows when the river overflowsLet’s have a look at more diagrams or mapsHere on this map, we have more features. All right

Okay, so welcome Last time we were talking about we started the new topic we started coasts and we were talking about the different Waves, okay, so it’s we talked about what are waves how they are formed and And the difference between swash and backwash, okay, now we’re going to look about the different waves that we have, okay? So first and foremost the different waves there are two. It is there’s the constructive waves and there are the destructive waves, okay? Maybe from their names you already know what they’re going to do. So there’s constructive and there’s destructive, all right? So these are very much linked to what we were talking about last week and we were talking about So the constructive waves, as you can see from the image that I’m showing you right now, it has a very long wave. Therefore, because it has a very long wave, it is not as frequent. So basically, there are 8 to 10 waves per minute. Why? Because the wave takes longer, because it’s a long, it has a long wavelength, it takes longer to reach the shore, right? When it is, when there’s a certain height. from the seabed remember that the ocean the currents right the waves are in a circular orbit however when it reaches closer to the shore then the orbit changes to an elliptical orbit okay it is very gently sloping and it is very it has a very strong swash and very weak backwash here we can have a look at the characteristics so it is created in calm weather right so if Therefore, it pulls the sand and the shingle back to the beach, et cetera, et cetera. However, there is a weak swash. So the building, the beach building basically, it is much lower. That is why it is the destructive wave. So you can remember the idea of a constructive wave and a destructive wave. The idea of a constructive wave, it constructs, there’s construction in it. So what’s going to happen? The wave is going to construct.

So welcome. During the last lesson, we’re talking about the erosion processes, right? Now we’re going to see the landforms that we see all around us, even if we have a look at the Maltese Islands, okay, and our coastlines. We see the results of these erosional processes, okay? So let’s have a look at the very first important points all right so remember that with the as the name implies soft rock is going to erode easily okay it’s soft so it’s not it’s not going to be a problem for it to wear away for it to break down for it to erode however hard rock is a different story because since it’s harder the rock is harder what’s going to happen here the erosion is going to take much longer okay So now we’re going to see the formation of head length and base. Okay? So as you can see from the image that I’m showing you here, all right, we have alternating bands in image one basically. You can see alternating bands of hard and soft rock. If you have a look at number two, you see that the soft rock is easily eroded. Okay? of erosion. So what happens now, the waves will crash onto the cliff, the parts which are soft they will erode and in fact it will create what we refer to as the bay. The headland is the part which sticks out. Right now you’re not going to make sense of it, however I’m going to show you an image that will make that you can understand better so in this image over here you can see how the inland right the part that is eroded that is the there’s the bay and that means that there is soft rock however you can see two headlands the lands that are sticking out literally those are made of composed of hard rock which can’t be easily eroded and therefore they stay there All right. So we can see where there’s the sand. That means that there is soft rock. All right. Whilst the other, the lands that are sticking out, basically, those are the headlands. Those are the parts that are made of hard rock. Okay. Over here, if I have a look, you have the process, basically, that I have explained just now. All right. So the coast consists of alternating bands of soft and hard rock, as I’ve mentioned. all right? Bends of soft trucks such as sand and clay, they road much quicker. This leaves a section of land jutting out into this sea called the headland, right? The area where the soft truck has eroded away next to the headland are called bays. Later on, I’m going to know the difference between bay and beach. So don’t interrelate. They have two different meanings. They’re similar to each other. They are next to each other, but they are not the same, all right?

Okay, so welcome again Today’s list is going to be about coastal erosion. So now we know that one of the main agents of erosion When it comes to coasts, they are obviously waves. All right, and you now know that there are two types of waves Okay, these waves right are one of the erosion in agent So if you go back to the lessons that we’ve been at the very beginning of the lessons, we know that one of the erosion allegiance is in fact waves, right? So first and foremost, I want you to think back to when we done weathering and erosion in the topic rocks and soils. And I want you to think about the difference between weathering and erosion. And I’m going to give you a few minutes to think about the difference. And then I’m going to explain it again so that you can refresh your weathering. Okay, so Remember those two keywords that I’ve mentioned earlier and earlier on in the lessons. I’ve mentioned that weathering is the breaking down. However, erosion is the taking away. Those two keywords are very important. In fact, if you have a look at the image that I’ve shown you here, right, you can see that there’s the word weathering causes the rock to break down, and I’ve mentioned there are three types of weathering, right, the physical, the biological, and the chemical weathering, and the arrow. and corrosion. So abrasion and corrosion are the same. However, we can refer to them into different names, the same as solution and corrosion. All right? I’m going to go into detail, into each of these actions. And then when we do the landforms, et cetera, you’ll understand better on how these work. So the hydraulic action, probably hydraulic is not something that you have never had before. very similar so basically we know that if we have a if we remember when we were doing cars landforms right we were talking how wave how rocks have cracks in them right so when the waves crash with the crash on the cliffs right and water will get into those cracks however if if when that happens the air in those cracks will be trapped. And when the air in those cracks is trapped, the crack will eventually widen, okay? In fact, if we have a look at this image here, we see that you can see how the waves are lit, the water is getting into the cracks of the rock, the air is getting compressed, right? And when the air gets compressed, the cliffs continues to weakens and what will happen? happen to the cliff it will and the pieces from the cliff will eventually erode right and another thing the cracks will actually widen again okay so we can have a look you can see how the cracks are widening because there is compression over in the joints and the cracks okay remember the joints are the vertical why is the bed planes are the horizontal lines. Okay? When we have abrasion and corrosion. So, basically this happens when the, we know that in the sea, in the bottom of the sea, there are material. Alright? There is, there are different materials. There is sand for example. There is a pebbles. There is some small.

Okay, so welcome again today’s list is going to talk about wave transport So now we talked about erosion now. We’re going to talk about transport transportation basically and one of the main Agents in this transportation is what we call the longshore drift something which we’re going to discuss in today’s lesson. So first, I want you to think about for a few seconds, right? What do you think I mean by transportation? You can maybe understand its meaning from its name? Who knows? So what is transportation? So in transportation there is transport so when there’s transport it means there’s going to be movement No, if you go to school and you go catch the bus or the the van whatever, right? You have transport you are moving from one place to another no when we talk about transport we’re going to again go back to what I’ve mentioned in the first lesson when we talked about coasts. So you have swash and backwash and I’m going to do a very quick revision of what is swash and backwash. So swash is when the water brings up material to the beach and the backwash is when it goes back the material goes back of course because there are waves all right so the waves will actually take back the material that is on the beach okay so that is what the swash is always goes up at an angle why because usually the prevailing wind goes is always at an angle and if you remember prevailing wind is the wind is the direction where the wind is usually blowing from it doesn’t mean that it is always blowing from that direction far from it however the prevailing wind means that 80 percent of the days of the air the wind is blowing from that direction now this wash backwash what will happen it goes back downwards and it is the process of long short drift have you ever realized or have you ever thought about when you go for example on on on a beach in Adira Bay for example Jena even on sandy beach even in rocky beaches because a beach is not only sandy there’s also rocky beaches right and you see for example the Olga or the or the

Welcome. So today’s lesson is going to talk about coastal deposition. So as you have perhaps seen in the last few lessons, there is a lot of processes concerned with coasts, right? So let’s have a look at the difference. processes. First there’s erosion, then there’s transportation, and then there’s the position. So basically erosion is the taking away of the rock, the transportation is the way the movement actually of the rock of the rock of the material basically, and then there’s the position. Basically the position is the new position. The material is left in usually the position takes place in a sheltered area so that it won’t be affected because actually, if it will be affected by waves, by wind, et cetera, et cetera, then it will then change its position, right? Now, in erosion, we talked about the erosional processes, the hydraulic action, the attrition, et cetera, et cetera. In transportation, we talked about long shore drift, how material moves from one place to another because… of this wash and the backwash, OK? And now we’re going to talk about the position. Why? Because as I’ve mentioned in the last lesson, I’ve said that eventually the material that traveled from one side will then be deposited on the other side. And now we’re going to see the length forms that happen that are formed when there is deposition, all right? When the material, because of long shore drift, changes its place and stays there, all right? So first and foremost, this is some important information that I’m showing you here As you can see, you can see just revise and refresh our memories You can see the headlamps and the base from the image that I’m showing you there, right? And the position happens when this wash is stronger than the backwash Why? Because this wash brings up the material on the beach. If there’s backwash, what will happen? The material will not stay on the beach, so that is why it’s very important and that there is constructive waves involved so that the material will stay on the beach. It will construct something, an inverted commas, on the beach, all right? So these are a few points that the position that we need in order for the position to take place. So first and foremost, we have waves that enter shallow water, all right? Why? Because if there is the beach, and this is where we’re going to talk about the beach, we’re going to talk about the beach. one of the results of the position is actually the beaches and remember when I said that when we have a sandy beach we have attrition why because the pebbles and the rocks and keep on smashing and with each other and breaking into smaller pieces and after a long process after a lot of time we have sand right beaches Bays are the port that is further out, however the beach is the part that touches literally the land so where there’s the sand in this image that is the beach right and beach can be both sandy and rocky so they can be made up of sand and they can be made up of rocks okay and we know that we have number of sandy and rocky beaches here in Malta okay for example Adira Bay is a mixture of there’s a part that is rocky and there’s a part that is sandy right the part where There’s the water further out on the headland near the headland basically that is the bay So the bay is the inland however the inlet basically however The beach is the part where it touches the land the part where there is the sand and the rock, okay? So how are beaches formed? So basically what happens is? The Pebbles the rocks keep on smashing against each other because of its issues